Introduction:
Antiemetic medicines are a class of drugs used to prevent or alleviate nausea and vomiting, which can occur due to various reasons such as motion sickness, chemotherapy, post-operative recovery, gastrointestinal disorders, or viral infections. These medications work by targeting different receptors and pathways involved in the emetic response. Here's an overview of antiemetic medicines, including their generic names, brand names, pharmacokinetics, dynamics, therapeutic uses, pharmacology, action, and approximate prices.
Ondansetron:
Generic Name: Ondansetron
Brand Names: Zofran, Zuplenz
Pharmacokinetics: Ondansetron is available in oral, intravenous (IV), and oral dissolvable tablet forms. It has a rapid onset of action, with peak plasma concentrations reached within 2 hours. It undergoes hepatic metabolism and has a half-life of approximately 3-4 hours.
Therapeutic Uses: Ondansetron is commonly used for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and radiation-induced nausea and vomiting (RINV). It is also used off-label for other causes of nausea and vomiting.
Pharmacology/Action: Ondansetron is a selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. By blocking these receptors in the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract, it reduces the emetic response.
Price Range: The approximate price for a 4 mg tablet of generic ondansetron can range from $0.20 to $0.50 per tablet.
Metoclopramide:
Generic Name: Metoclopramide
Brand Names: Reglan, Maxolon
Pharmacokinetics: Metoclopramide is available in oral, intravenous (IV), and intramuscular (IM) forms. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations reached within 1-2 hours. It undergoes hepatic metabolism and has a half-life of approximately 5-6 hours.
Therapeutic Uses: Metoclopramide is used for the treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), diabetic gastroparesis, and as an adjunct therapy for CINV and PONV.
Pharmacology/Action: Metoclopramide is a dopamine receptor antagonist with prokinetic properties. It exerts its antiemetic effects by blocking dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and enhancing gastric emptying.
Price Range: The approximate price for a 10 mg tablet of generic metoclopramide can range from $0.10 to $0.30 per tablet.
Promethazine:
Generic Name: Promethazine
Brand Names: Phenergan, Avomine
Pharmacokinetics: Promethazine is available in oral, rectal, and intramuscular (IM) forms. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations reached within 2-3 hours. It undergoes hepatic metabolism and has a half-life of approximately 10-19 hours.
Therapeutic Uses: Promethazine is used for the treatment of various types of nausea and vomiting, including motion sickness, post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). It is also used as a sedative and for allergic conditions.
Pharmacology/Action: Promethazine is a first-generation antihistamine with antiemetic properties. It blocks histamine H1 receptors, muscarinic receptors, and dopamine D2 receptors, leading to its antiemetic effects.
Price Range: The approximate price for a 25 mg tablet of generic promethazine can range from $0.10 to $0.30 per tablet.
Prochlorperazine:
Generic Name: Prochlorperazine
Brand Names: Compazine, Buccastem
Pharmacokinetics: Prochlorperazine is available in oral, rectal, intravenous (IV), and intramuscular (IM) forms. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations reached within 1-3 hours. It undergoes hepatic metabolism and has a half-life of approximately 6-10 hours.
Therapeutic Uses: Prochlorperazine is used for the treatment of severe nausea and vomiting, including CINV, PONV, and vertigo. It is also used in the management of psychotic disorders and migraines.
Pharmacology/Action: Prochlorperazine is a dopamine receptor antagonist with antiemetic, antipsychotic, and anti-anxiety properties. It primarily blocks dopamine D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, reducing the emetic response.
Price Range: The approximate price for a 10 mg tablet of generic prochlorperazine can range from $0.20 to $0.50 per tablet.
Dimenhydrinate:
Generic Name: Dimenhydrinate
Brand Names: Dramamine, Gravol
Pharmacokinetics: Dimenhydrinate is available in oral tablet and liquid forms. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations reached within 1-4 hours. It undergoes hepatic metabolism and has a half-life of approximately 3-6 hours.
Therapeutic Uses: Dimenhydrinate is primarily used for the prevention and treatment of motion sickness, including nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with travel or vestibular disturbances. It can also be used as a sedative for short-term relief of anxiety.
Pharmacology/Action: Dimenhydrinate is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties. It blocks histamine H1 receptors in the vestibular system and the chemoreceptor trigger zone, reducing the stimuli that trigger nausea and vomiting.
Price Range: The approximate price for a 50 mg tablet of generic dimenhydrinate can range from $0.05 to $0.20 per tablet.
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July 11, 2023
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